（1）Journal Source

Advanced Functional Materials (IF: 19)

（2）Title

Multimodal Hydrogel Bioelectronics for Closed‑Loop Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Diseases

（3）Research Rationale

This work designs a multimodal hydrogel multi-electrode array. Multi-material 3D printing is adopted to fabricate conductive hydrogel electrodes with tissue-matched mechanical compliance, robust adhesion via dynamic covalent crosslinking, and triple functions (strain sensing, electrophysiological mapping, and electrical stimulation). The array achieves stable interfacial integration with beating myocardium, enables simultaneous high-resolution mapping of myocardial strain and epicardial electrophysiology, and delivers precise electrical stimulation guided by electrophysiological feedback to construct a closed-loop diagnosis and treatment system.

（4）Material Development

Material: Conductive hydrogel electrodes based on dynamic covalent crosslinking; multi-electrode array fabricated via multi-material 3D printing.

Functions: Offers a compliant interface matching cardiac tissue and instant robust wet adhesion; simultaneously monitors myocardial mechanical and electrophysiological signals and delivers targeted electrical stimulation to realize closed-loop diagnosis and treatment.

（5）Innovations

For the first time, strain sensing, electrophysiological mapping and electrical stimulation are integrated into a single hydrogel multi-electrode array, enabling simultaneous high-resolution spatiotemporal mapping of cardiac electromechanical signals.

Dynamic covalent crosslinking endows the hydrogel with instant robust adhesion to dynamically beating myocardium, supporting long-term stable interfacial integration.

A closed-loop diagnosis and treatment system based on electrophysiological feedback is established, offering a new paradigm for personalized cardiac disease management.

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