Carrier protein coupling
Peptide-carrier protein linkages are mostly used to prepare anti-toxin antibodies. A single one is usually not enough to provoke a sufficient immune response, and it contains many antigens.
The epitope carrier protein is beneficial to stimulate helper T cells and further induce B cell immune responses.

The main types of Beike Nano Coupling Protein are as follows:
KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin), or hemocyanin, is a carrier protein that is often replaced because KLH has a higher immunogenicity than BSA.
BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin), namely bovine serum albumin, is a very stable and soluble albumin. The disadvantage of BSA is that in many experiments, it is used as
Used as a blocking agent, if the antiserum of the peptide-BSA conjugate is used in such a detection analysis, false positives will usually occur, because these serums contain anti-BSA
Antibody.
OVA (Ovalbumin), or chicken ovalbumin, can be used as the second carrier protein to verify whether the antibody is only for the target and not the carrier protein (such as BSA).

All functional groups that can be carried by the radical reaction can be replaced by a conjugation reaction after modification. Synbiotic coupling reactions, of which the following are very common:
Iodoacetamide (iodoacetamide)
Maleic doping (maleimide)
Alkyl halide (haloalkane)





MAPs branched peptide
Multiple antigen peptides (MAP) are artificially branched peptides, in which Lys residues are used as scaffold cores to support the formation of ≤8 branches with different or identical peptide sequences.
A variety of antigen peptides have been used to produce antibodies for immunological research. MAP has a high molar ratio of peptide antigen to core molecule and does not require carrier protein to
Elicit an antibody response.



There is no known branching protein in nature. Synbiotics solves this problem through chemical ligation strategy, which can increase the yield and produce the required peptide dendrimers.
molecular. Then, the branched structure can form a protein of increased molecular weight to elicit an immunogenic response.







MAP and peptide with carrier protein
Four or eight copies of peptides are synthesized on branched lysines; therefore, MAP peptides act like large proteins.
The MAP peptide is injected directly with adjuvant to generate antibodies. No carrier protein is required.
MAP technology is advantageous for N-terminal or internal peptides because the peptides are connected via the C-terminal. In contrast, KLH-binding tends to C-terminal peptides. However, KLH vectors may
Cause steric hindrance.
Due to the structure of the MAP peptide, its titer may be slightly higher than that of the KLH-conjugated peptide. The MAP design greatly increases the antigen concentration, because the synthesized peptide antigen accounts for
95% of the total weight of the product.
With MAP, a known amount of peptide can be used for immunization every time, so that the experimental conditions can be better controlled.

Warm tips: Suzhou Beike nano products are only used for scientific research, not for human body,different batches of products have different specifications and performance

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